Salt tectonics in a double salt‐source layer setting (Eastern Persian Gulf,Iran): Insights from interpretation of seismic profiles and sequential cross‐section restoration     

Jafar Hassanpour  Ali Yassaghi  Josep A. Muoz  Salman Jahani 《Basin Research》2021,33(1):159-185

Salt tectonics in the Eastern Persian Gulf (Iran) is linked to a unique salt‐bearing system involving two overlapping ‘autochthonous’ mobile source layers, the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian Hormuz Salt and the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Fars Salt. Interpretations of reflection seismic profiles and sequential cross‐section restorations are presented to decipher the evolution of salt structures from the two source layers and their kinematic interaction on the style of salt flow. Seismic interpretations illustrate that the Hormuz and Fars salts started flowing in the Early Palaeozoic (likely Cambrian) and Early Miocene, respectively, shortly after their deposition. Differential sedimentary loading (downbuilding) and subsalt basement faults initiated and localized the flow of the Hormuz Salt and the related salt structures. The resultant diapirs grew by passive diapirism until Late Cretaceous, whereas the pillows became inactive during the Mesozoic after a progressive decline of growth in the Late Palaeozoic. The diapirs and pillows were then subjected to a Palaeocene–Eocene contractional deformation event, which squeezed the diapirs. The consequence was significant salt extrusion, leading to the development of allochthonous salt sheets and wings. Subsequent rise of the Hormuz Salt occurred in wider salt stocks and secondary salt walls by coeval passive diapirism and tectonic shortening since Late Oligocene. Evacuation and diapirism of the Fars Salt was driven mainly by differential sedimentary loading in annular and elongate minibasins overlying the salt and locally by downslope gliding around pre‐existing stocks of the Hormuz Salt. At earlier stages, the Fars Salt flowed not only towards the pre‐existing Hormuz stocks but also away from them to initiate ring‐like salt walls and anticlines around some of the stocks. Subsequently, once primary welds developed around these stocks, the Fars Salt flowed outwards to source the peripheral salt walls. Our results reveal that evolving pre‐existing salt structures from an older source layer have triggered the flow of a younger salt layer and controlled the resulting salt structures. This interaction complicates the flow direction of the younger salt layer, the geometry and spatial distribution of its structures, as well as minibasin depocentre migration through time. Even though dealing with a unique case of two ‘autochthonous’ mobile salt layers, this work may also provide constraints on our understanding of the kinematics of salt flow and diapirism in other salt basins having significant ‘allochthonous’ salt that is coevally affected by deformation of the deeper autochthonous salt layer and related structures.  相似文献   

生物土壤结皮固沙理论与实践   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

周晓兵  张丙昌  张元明 《中国沙漠》2021,41(1):164-173

生物土壤结皮是由土壤微生物、藻类、地衣和苔藓等孢子植物类群与土壤颗粒形成的有机复合体,在全球干旱区地表广泛分布,是干旱地表生物覆被层的主要构建者。生物土壤结皮是荒漠植物群落演替的先锋类群,能够提高荒漠地表的稳定性,固定碳和氮等营养元素,增加土壤肥力,并在保持土壤水分方面发挥重要作用,因此在干旱区受损地表的生态修复方面具有广阔的应用前景。通过分析组成生物土壤结皮的物种更替与维持其结构的胶结方式转变之间的生态关系,阐释了生物土壤结皮固沙的生物学基础,提出在人工结皮恢复实践中,应选择以本地优势物种（如具鞘微鞘藻、齿肋赤藓和银叶真藓等）为目标种的生态学原则,并通过对目标物种的纯化、培养,完成由实验室至温室的扩繁过程,实现逐级扩大生产,为野外固沙应用提供充足种源。阐述了结皮野外接种恢复的最适物种组成、物理化学方式结合的组合模式,提出应从地表稳定性、土壤养分和结皮物种多样性等方面进行生长状况评估,梳理了中国在结皮人工恢复领域的研究进展和面临的问题与挑战,阐释了利用人工培养生物土壤结皮开展生态修复的应用前景。  相似文献   

气候变化和生态建设对秦岭—淮河南北植被动态的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李双双  张玉凤  汪成博  王婷  延军平 《地理科学进展》2021,40(6):1026-1036

论文基于2000—2019年秦岭—淮河南北MODIS-NDVI植被覆盖数据,对中国南北过渡带植被时空变化进行分析,并探讨植被动态变化驱动因素。结果表明：① 在趋势变化上,2000—2019年秦岭—淮河南北植被显著恢复。其中,秦巴山区植被恢复面积占比最高,其次是巫山山区和关中平原;植被退化区面积占比仅为6.4%,主要分布于长三角城市群。② 在气候因素上,NDVI变化与气温显著相关(P<0.05)面积占比为9.1%,低于降水(13.1%)和日照时数(14.5%)显著区域,无显著相关区域分布面积最广,说明在关键生长季(5—9月),区域水热条件较好,植被年际波动受气候变化影响区域较少。③ 在驱动因素上,受气候因素和生态建设驱动绿化占比分别为19.2%和30.0%,其中,生态建设驱动绿化区与秦巴山区、大别山生态修复工程,川东、长江中下游撂荒地空间格局一致,说明耕地转为生态用地是区域植被快速恢复的主要原因。研究结果对量化湿润—半湿润地区植被驱动因素,优化生态建设评估模型具有启示意义。  相似文献   

2000—2019年秦岭南北实际蒸散发时空变化特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李双双  张玉凤  张立伟  王婷  延军平 《地理科学进展》2021,40(11):1900-1910

基于遥感数据全面认识复杂地形单元实际蒸散发时空规律,对区域可持续水资源管理具有重要的意义。论文基于MODIS实际蒸散发(ET)数据,对2000—2019年秦岭南北ET时空变化特征进行分析,探究不同分区ET对植被变化的响应关系,进而识别ET趋势和年代变化的高相关海气环流因素。结果表明：① 在变化趋势上,以1000 m等高线为界,即秦岭地区北亚热带和山地暖温带的分界线,低海拔河谷地带为ET显著增加区,山地高海拔地区为ET下降区;② 除城市、乡镇周边地区,研究期间秦岭南北下垫面相对稳定,转为生态用地的活跃区主要分布在山地1000 m过渡带,其是ET与NDVI变化显著相关区,而1000 m以上高海拔地区两者相关性较低;③ ENSO、青藏高原北部气压异常,与秦岭山地、汉江谷地ET的趋势变化和年代波动显著相关,而西太平洋副热带高压与ET的趋势显著相关,与年代波动特征相关较弱。即发生中部型厄尔尼诺事件时,西太平洋副热带高压偏强,对流层低层形成异常反气旋,导致中国东部雨带北移,秦岭山地和汉江谷地降水偏少,气温偏高,ET往往偏大。研究结果启示：秦岭南北科学适应气候变化时,应关注秦岭山地、汉江谷地ET变化显著相关的环流信号;应深刻理解秦岭高海拔地区蒸散发下降趋势对区域水资源管理的影响。  相似文献   

The conservation patterns of grassland ecosystem in response to the forage-livestock balance in North China     

HUANG Lin  NING Jia  ZHU Ping  ZHENG Yuhan  ZHAI Jun 《地理学报(英文版)》2021,31(4):518-534

Being a key ecological security barrier and production base for grassland animal husbandry in China,the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure in North China directly affects grassland degradation and restoration,thereby impacting grassland ecosystem services.This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation in grassland vegetation coverage,forage supply,and the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure from 2000 to 2015 in North China.We then discuss the spatial pattern of grassland ecological conservation under the impacts of grassland degradation and restoration,and livestock-carrying pressure.Over the last 16 years,the total grassland area in North China decreased by about 16,000 km2,with vegetation coverage degraded by 6.7％ of the grasslands but significantly restored by another 5.4％ of grasslands.The provisioning of forage by natural grassland mainly increased over time,with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.3 kg/ha,but livestock-carrying pressure also increased continuously.The livestock-carrying pressure index without any supplementary feeding reached as high as 3.8.Apart from the potential livestock-carrying capacity in northeastern Inner Mongolia and the central Tibetan Plateau,most regions in North China are currently overloaded.Considering the actual supplementary feeding during the cold season,the livestock-carrying pressure index is about 3.1,with the livestock-carrying pressure mitigated in central and eastern Inner Mongolia.Assuming full supplementary feeding in the cold season,livestock-carrying pressure index will fall to 1.9,with the livestock-carrying pressure alleviated significantly in Inner Mongolia and on the Tibetan Plateau.Finally,we propose different conservation and development strategies to balance grassland ecological conservation and animal husbandry production in different regions of protected areas,pastoral areas,farming-pastoral ecotone,and farming areas,according to the grassland ecological protection patterns.  相似文献   

The Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Water and Heat Exchanges over the Alpine Wetland in the East of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau     

Jinlei CHEN  Yuan YUAN  Xianyu YANG  Zuoliang WANG  Shichang KANG  Jun WEN 《大气科学进展》2023,40(2):201-210

Alpine wetland is one of the typical underlying surfaces on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. It plays a crucial role in runoff regulation. Investigations on the mechanisms of water and heat exchanges are necessary to understand the land surface processes over the alpine wetland. This study explores the characteristics of hydro-meteorological factors with in situ observations and uses the Community Land Model 5 to identify the main factors controlling water and heat exchanges.Latent heat flux and therm...  相似文献   

Mitigation of municipal solid waste leachate contamination at Payatas, Metro Manila, Philippines： A technical proposal     

Marvin Joseph Montefrio Kai Scene Ng Lee Yih Koh Erwin Torio Mark Hansley Chua Louernie de Sales-Papa Jeffrey Philip Obbard 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):122-122

The gross environmental condition of the Payatas Disposal Facility in Metro Manila, Philippines, implores the need for sustainable technologies to control and abate toxic municipal solid waste leachate and protect public health. A team of environmental engineers recognized this need by selecting the site as a design project for the Mondialogo Worldwide Engineering Award, sponsored by the United Nations and Daimler Chrysler. The project culminated in a technical proposal that highlighted the following design features： an impermeable dumpsite cap to control leachate generation; vertical impermeable barriers for containment and isolation of leachate; a drainage system to divert clean, surface water from the cap and prevent its contamination prior to discharge; a leachate recirculation system to enhance stabilisation of the waste deposit; and a facultative lagoon and constructed wetland system to treat excess leachate.  相似文献   

湿地功能快速评价中的若干理论问题   总被引：9，自引：5，他引：9  

殷书柏  吕宪国 《湿地科学》2006,4(1):1-6

针对目前湿地功能快速评价中存在的不足之处,分析了产生这些不足的原因及湿地功能快速评价过程中存在的一些基本理论问题。分析表明:湿地功能快速评价方法是为了达到“湿地功能无净损失”目的,是在需要评价的湿地如此之多而从事湿地功能评价的专业人员又极其缺乏的情况下发展起来的。它对于湿地恢复与重建以及湿地受人类活动干扰程度的评价是非常有效的;在湿地功能快速评价过程中,把相对未受人类干扰的参照湿地的功能指数规定为1,这就使得快速评价方法不能对参照湿地的功能进行评价,而目前最需要评价其功能的湿地往往就是这些相对未受人类活动干扰的湿地;在相同水文地貌的湿地类型内评价湿地功能之间的差异,这使得快速评价方法不能评价湿地的水文地貌功能;由于快速评价的结果都是相对的功能指数,并不能说明湿地所提供的功能量是否满足人们的需求,因而在决策中不能单独使用;快速评价都是“一次调查就获得结果”,同时由于快速评价过程中指标选择的主观性、指标赋值的主观性、采样点空间设置的主观性以及采样时间的主观性,对于具有时空变化特征的湿地功能的评价结果的可重复性和科学性是很低的。为了使湿地功能评价的结果对管理和决策具有指导意义,基于湿地功能量计算的、定量的评价湿地功能的方法必须开发出来。针对不同的评价目的,湿地功能评价可采用双重参照标准:一是以自然为参照来评价湿地功能受人类活动影响的程度以及湿地恢复与重建成功与否;二是以人类需要为标准来评价湿地提供的功能量是否满足了我们的期望,以便采取措施改进湿地功能来满足人类的需求。  相似文献   

实施流域生态管理的长江中下游湿地保护探讨   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  

鲍达明  王学雷  吕宪国 《湿地科学》2006,4(2):96-100

长江中下游地区湿地分布广泛且类型多样,是我国淡水湖泊分布最集中和最具有代表性的地区。为了从根本上解决长江中下游湿地利用面临的问题,实现湿地资源的可持续利用,保护湿地环境,解决区内上、下游用水的供需矛盾,实现水资源的优化配置,调动区域湿地保护的积极性和主动性,有必要遵循湿地流域分布规律,应用流域生态学最新理论与实践成果,进行流域生态管理。一方面,要从流域角度处理好几大江湖关系、蓄泄关系、湖垸关系和山湖(河)关系等;另一方面,在流域内建立统一协调机制,对流域湿地进行保护与合理利用、合理布局和统一规划;同时在保护的前提下,科学合理地利用长江中下游湿地资源,开拓新的生产力。  相似文献   

用于湿地气候效应模拟的三江平原下垫面数据获取   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

闫敏华  徐传书  王丹丹  张树清  张耀存 《湿地科学》2006,4(2):108-114

三江平原是我国沼泽湿地的重要分布区。在20世纪的后50 a中,三江平原在经过几次大规模的开荒后,其下垫面发生了明显的阶段性变化,湿地大面积消失,农田面积不断增加。为了认识20世纪下半叶不同时期三江平原湿地的气候效应,拟采用第三代区域气候模式(RegCM3)来开展研究。而目前被广泛用于RegCM3的GL-CC数据,所反映的研究区下垫面几乎不存在沼泽湿地,这与事实严重不符,所以必须获取三江平原有沼泽湿地存在的真实的下垫面数据,才能得到可靠的湿地气候效应的模拟结果。分别选择了4期(1954年、1985年、1996年和2000年)有阶段代表性的航片、TM影像数据为主要数据源,利用ERDAS8.7和Arcview3.2等软件,首先得到4期研究区的土地利用数据,然后通过土地利用数据类型向模式数据类型的转换,从4期研究区土地利用数据中提取出了三江平原下垫面的模式数据。经过误差分析,认为获取的4期三江平原下垫面模式数据准确的反映出研究区几个时期的湿地下垫面实况,可以作为三江平原湿地气候效应模拟的基础数据。  相似文献